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Linguistics | Linguistic studies | | linguistics, the scientific study of language. Synchronic linguistics involves the descrtptlon of languages as they are at a given point in time; diachronic linguistics is concerned with the historical development of languages; theoretical linguistics encompasses the construction of theories concerning the structure of languages or of a framwork for the description of languages; and applied linguistics uses the findings and techniques of other areas of linguistic study to aid in a variety of practical tasks, chief among which is language teaching. In addition to the analysis of languages for their own sake, many linguists also study language in relation to the psychological or physiological mechanisms involved in speech, the social and cultural contexts of language, or the communicative function of language.
Anthropological Linguistics are the study of the relationship between language and culture; usually refers to work on languages that have no written records. In the United States a close relationship between anthropology and linguistics developed as a result of research by anthropologists into the American Indian cultures and languages. Early students in this field discovered what they felt to be significant relationships between the languages, thought, and cultures of the Indian groups (see Whorfian hypothesis). The issue of the relatedness of language and culture is still a controversial one, and it is now thought by many that the relationship is not as close as was first suspected. Anthropologists currently draw on linguistic techniques mainly for the analysis of such areas as kinship systems, botanical taxonomies, and colour terms, and many anthropologists are engaged in fieldwork and language description.
Applied Linguistics is a branch of linguistic science dealing with practical applications of the findings of theoretical linguistics in such areas as language teaching methodology and speech therapy.
Comparative linguistics, study of the historical evolution and interrelations of languages; employs methods developed essentially in Germany in the 19th century. Using both oral and written evidence, the comparative linguist compares existing languages to discover similarities, reconstruct older stages, and distinguish related groups. The concept of language families originated with the discovery, in 1786, by Sir William Jones of the resemblances Sanskrit bears to Greek and Latin; later, German philologists, such as Franz Bopp, the author of a six-part comparative grammar (1816), devised systematic methods of tracing language families developed from a common source.
Comparative philology, an older term, is now usually applied to comparative linguistic studies of Latin and Classical Greek. |
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